What Is International Law All about Free Essay Example, 3500 words

In general, customary law and law made by international agreement have equal authority as international law. Parties may assign higher priority to one of the sources by agreement. However, some rules of international law are recognized by the international community as peremptory, permitting no derogation. Such rules can be changed or modified only by a subsequent peremptory norm of international law. The aim of international law is to monitor the behavior between states since where there exists a community of states, the maintaining of law and order becomes essential. A state will, as a general rule, do its utmost to act within the confines of the framework of rules which make up international law. Any state disregarding these general principles of peaceful and cooperative cohabitation between states runs the risk of incurring the disapproval of the fellow states in the community. Such disapproval will hardly ever limit itself to a tag of a bad reputation, but could even lead to severe consequences. Several Jurists are still sceptical about the status of International law as true law as they opine that international law exhibits the characteristics of flexibility and indeterminacy .We will write a custom essay sample on What Is International Law All about or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page The development and enforcement of International Law ultimately depend on the Political will of Sovereign States .

Essay on james madison - 1512 Words

James Madison begins his famous federalist paper by explaining that the purpose of this essay is to help the readers understand how the structure of the proposed government makes liberty possible. Each branch should be, for the most part, in Madisons opinion, independent. To assure such independence, no one branch should have too much power in selecting members of the other two branches. If this principle were strictly followed, it would mean that the citizens should select the president, the legislators, and the judges. But, the framers recognized certain practical difficulties in making every office elective. In particular, the judicial branch would suffer because the average person is not aware of the qualifications judges should†¦show more content†¦Majorities often threaten the rights of minorities. There are only two methods of avoiding evil. The first is to construct a powerful government, a quot;community will.quot; Such a quot;will is larger than, and independent of , the simply majority. This quot;solutionquot; is dangerous because such a government might throw its power behind a group in society working against the public good. In our country, the authority to govern comes from the entire society the people. In addition, under the Constitution society is divided into many groups of people who hold different views and have different interests. This makes it very difficult for one group to dominate or threaten the minority groups. Justice is the purpose of government and civil society. If government allows or encourages strong groups to combine together against the weak, liberty will be lost and anarchy will result. And the condition of anarchy tempts even strong individuals and groups to submit to any form of government, no matter how bad, which they hope will protect them as well as the weak. Madison concludes that self-government flourishes in a large country containing many different groups. Some countries are too large for self-government, but the proposed plan modifies the federal principle enough to make self-government both possible and practical in the Untied States. Analysis: In thisShow MoreRelatedThe Presidency of James Madison1497 Words   |  6 Pages President James Madison held the white house office from 1808-1816. During his tenure he had to deal with the ramifications of his policies from when he was Secretary of State under Thomas Jefferson and The War of 1812. These two major points are what shaped most of his presidential terms. It was his second term that helped with the postwar expansion of America and the split in the Democratic Party system. It was also during his second term that he helped America gain it’s economic independenceRead MoreThe Contributions Of James Madison1939 Words   |  8 Pagesdescendent of the ideas of James Madison. Truly, James Madison’s life was one led almost exclusively in the pursuit of liberty, justice, and freedom for the American people. Madison, through a life of service to his nation, as a Congressman, Secretary of State, and, finally, President, greatly improved the fortunes of the early United States, as well as defining the properties of American government for generati ons to come as the â€Å"Father of the Constitution†. James Madison was born on March 16th,Read MoreThe Life Of James Madison Essay1418 Words   |  6 Pages The Life of James Madison Madison Williams Central High School November 9, 2015 3rd Period  Abstract In my paper I will state and explain the least known aspects of James Madison. James Madison contributed to some of the most simple and complex events that have not been recognized. For his job well done, I am willing to make those aspects known. The Life of James Madison James Madison, also known as â€Å"The Father on the Constitution†, contributed to quite a few intellectual eventsRead MoreThe Contributions Of James Madison Essay2531 Words   |  11 Pagesmany overlook the contributions of the fourth President of the United States. Before he took office as Commander-in-Chief in 1809, he made a great deal of contribution to the American government as most know it today. An argument can be made that James Madison was the most influential of our founding fathers through him promoting the United States Constitution for ratification through the writing of the Federalist Papers, drafting as well as promoting the inclusion of a Bill of Rights in the United StatesRead MoreEssay on James Madison1503 Words   |  7 PagesThe Founding Brother: James Madison The American Revolution emerge, and new ideas and changes were made from the Founding Brothers. The Declaration of Independence, Articles of Confederation...were all made and edit from the Founding Brothers. One of the Founding Brothers, did not experience the American revolution. James Madison, a federalist who was a republican-democratic had many goals he wanted to achieved. He looked back and was able to see what aspects of were done wrong and try toRead MoreEssay on James Madison1973 Words   |  8 PagesJames Madison In the years following the Revolutionary War, the economic and political condition in the newly declared nation was disastrous. The young states were in extreme debt after the expense of the war, and economic growth was hampered by the fact that each state had its own tariffs and currencies. The Continental Congress was helpless to repair the dilemma because of its inability to tax (Garraty, 1971). In the middle of all the confusion, however, a commercial dispute, the OysterRead More President James Madison Essay1381 Words   |  6 PagesPresident James Madison James Madison, (1751-1836), 4th President of the United States of America. Although he served eight years each as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives, as secretary of state, and as president, Madisons principal contribution to the founding of the United States was as Father of the Constitution. Madisons place among the Founding Fathers reveals the essential qualities of his public career. Jefferson had a superior vision of the potential for life underRead MoreThe Federalist Paper By James Madison1728 Words   |  7 Pagesactually 3 men, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay. They wrote the papers to convince the people of New York to vote to ratify the Constitution. These essays were published in newspapers throughout the state of New York. Federalist 10 was written by James Madison and was titled The Utility of the Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection (continued). This essay was a continuation of Federalist 9. Federalists like James Madison and Alexander Hamilton thought thatRead MoreThe Life and Accomplishments of James Madison995 Words   |  4 PagesJames Madison was born in Port Conway, Virginia on March 16th, 1751. Madison received an education at the college of New Jersey and graduated in 1771. He studied Latin, geography, and P hilosophy. In 1774 he joined the local committee of safety which was a patriot group that monitored the actions of the local militia. Two years later Madison became a delegate in the Virginia convention and took part in the framing of the Virginia constitution. During the general election for delegates in the stateRead MoreJames Madison - Original Writing Essay1919 Words   |  8 Pageshistory of James Madison. The reason Why I choose James Madison Because I went to visited his college when I was in high school but I got married and move to the tidewater a rea and decide to go to Saintleo.So if you would be a little patient with me you will learn a lot about James Madison. So we are going to look at where he was born and some history about his achievement and some history about his family. I hope you are ready to take a ride with me through the history on James Madison. I want

Clinical Leadership and Organisational Governance - Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Clinical Leadership and Organisational Governance. Answer: Introduction: Structure of the organisation plays a significant role in an health care organization, the policies and the processes of the organisation in a great way relies on the structure of the organisation and thus helps in achieving the goals and objectives. Organisational structure concludes how the power, responsibilities, and roles are controlled, assigned, and coordinated (Ferguson, 2005). Along with this it also helps to determine the flow of information at the unusual levels of management. The organisations related to the health care functions in a specific way, where the services that are to be executed are to be the high quality that is to be delivered to the patients. Health care organisations are dynamic and complex hence requires the managers to be the leaders along follow the coordination and supervision of the employees (Hughes, 2014). For such structural management, an erect structure will be followed in an organisation having the different layers of the management (Chrusciel, 2006). The diverse management layers are designed in a way to make certain that every day jobs are completed precisely and correctly. According to the case study, Whitlam Memorial hospital (WMH) follows the traditional bureaucratic structure, the structure where the processes of the organisation are followed by the diverse management layers. The organisational structure bureaucraticin nature includes the chain of command that is in progress from regional managers to executives and then the section manager and at the bottom shift supervisors performs the duty with the frontier staff (Chrusciel, 2006). The choice made is to go by diverse organisation level in comparison to the company which is flat. For exemplar, the repayment file has to first move from the forefront staff and further in the direction of the shift manager and subsequent to sanction, it goes to the store administration the trade channel in the business with technical framework (Hughes, 2014). In beginning, where the arrangement is technical, such establishment is mainly based at the peak, and the in sequence usually surge from the peak to downward (C hrusciel, 2006). This inspires the civilization of business to be based on principles and system, where the equipped process is severely managed with definite management and methodologies. Management on the topmost level in self-important organizational structure put into effect an agreement of control over managerial strategy decision, which is perfect for the owners of trade with a control and direct method. Purposeful decision-making instant under the self-important structure is to be reduced in a high managerial arrangement as only a few individuals are concerned in the arrangement (Duke, 2015). Consistencies are over and over again the main and prompt highlights in company with tall professional structure, thus ensuring that processes are completed skilfully and powerfully. Drawbacks of the bureaucratic organisational structure: The controlling structure can discourage modernization and inspiration all through the organization. No matter how intelligent a corporation owner is, it is approximately not possible for the private individual to create various premeditated ideas credible in a big, interdisciplinary bunch (Duke, 2015). The workforce in the front line may not get achievement from their job in a sternly bureaucratic organization, growing employees take-home pay rates. Association bound by severe organize can, in the count, find them a smaller amount able to turn out to be familiarized to growing conditions in the business, marketplace or the lawful environment (Zgrzywa-Ziemak, 2015). An apparition along with the assignment is important and normal fundamentals of a company's decision-making strategy. The renowned companies construct up managerial responsibility declaration and disclosure statements that dish up as preliminary direct in the venture business of the corporation goals. The trade in that case build up strategic and planned strategy for the objectives (Zgrzywa-Ziemak, 2015). Such statements have major role: communicate the purpose of the association to collaborators; inform policies and strategies development, and expand the quantifiable goals and aims to calculate the achievement of the company loom. Vision and Mission offer a medium for expansively forwarding the company standard and principles to all major collaborators (Zgrzywa-Ziemak, 2015). The collaborators are such main gathering that has a number of powers above the relationship or the venture in its potential.Vision and charge generate an objective for policy development. That is, one importan t factor of a high-quality superiority policy is how well it assists the firm get its set task and future visualization (Huang, Li Shi, 2017). A vision statement is important as such statement give the link between the company strategy and mission that increase the sense of accountability among the staff and thus achieve the goals and mission of the company (Huang, Li Shi, 2017). Vision and mission together narrate to the companys aspiration and principle and communicate in general in the structure of certain concise in print declaration. The mission declaration of the administration outcome in converse the cause connected to the occurrence of the company, the reason for the existence of company and how the business desire to hand round the major collaborators (Huang, Li Shi, 2017). The apparition declaration is focussed, narrower, the organizations target. Vision and mission jointly end consequence in increasing the conduct policy, assist to converse the function of the company to the collaborators and notify the objectives and goals are set for formative whether the arrangement of the company is operational properly refer the objectives (Huang, Li Shi, 2017). Assignment, vision and the motives make available the channel of elevated stage and the companies arrangement outcome in the precise guide so as to achieve the objectives and aims, the breakdown and victory of the policy and also contentment related to the dissimilar objectives which are declared in the work declaration (Dischner, 2015). The top secret of mounting the enhanced duty statements is to centre on the cause which is concerned to the organisation subsistence and not on the products and the services that the company provides. New applied Organisational Structure for WHM WMH is reorganizing the hospital and growing the figure of beds from mere 130 to 250 as per the growing capacity for the community based clinic in the specialities. The infirmary is scheduling to offer definite other fresh facilities and dealing as per the mounting needs of the society, such includes, cardiovascular, paediatric, tumour, trauma services, elderly care services, society and last but not the least the renal services (Dischner, 2015). The environment organisational arrangements are the greatest arrangement which are useful by the Whitlam Memorial hospital for its reformation. The matrix structure constantly accommodates in an immense way according to the changing requirements and the landscapes of the company (Dischner, 2015). Matrix is considered as the grouping of the cohesive and single structure which grades in the dual authority system. The matrix organisational formation utilizes the dual-reporting associations instead of the linear management structure (Dischner, 2015). Such collaboration is considered as an important characteristic among the matrix organisational structures, predominantly in circumstances where the group is formed, drawing individuals from the varied institute division, for the accomplishment of the specific project (Abbasi, 2017). The matrix organisational arrangement is useful for the well-organized and more rapidly flow of the information amongst the organisation (Abbasi, 2017). The in sequence is switched at the speedier and the free flow way as a result of the earlier cooperation among the organisation and workforce. The matrix structure encourages the sharing of the data, which flows from the horizontal level towards the vertical level, hence resulting in the accesses of the information by each and every person in the organisation (Abbasi, 2017). The speedy flow and information through the matrix structure result in exchanges with improving the response rate for the unforeseen circumstances. Matrix structure makes use of the assets in a well-organized and the cost effectual way. The arrangement results in the department to defend itself as to the unnecessary spending on the manpower, equipment, and tools (Abbasi, 2017). The structure is favourable in the individual and proficient development of the supervisor, the matrix structure is liable to generate the professional managers and dedicated workers in the course of the information contribution and knowledge which is achieved although functioning in the dissimilar development of the government and therefore the organization results in enhanced commitment connected to the occupation. Conclusion: Along with the potency, certain limitations are also present along with the Matrix structure, which is the developing confusion because of the system which follows the dual authority. This, in turn, results in lack of control and definite loss of the supervisor in controlling the workforce of their own section (Abbasi, 2017). The sense of liability and responsibility also decreases among the employees. Augment the preliminary setup cost of the organisation. The clashes originated among the employees as a result of the dual authority results in dissatisfaction and frustration. Whitlam Memorial Hospital is reforming itself into the bigger hospital with the augmented treatment facilities and spaces, Matrix is considered as the better option because of its suitability for the organisations with a larger structure, the flexibility and adaptability of the organization will be enhanced option for an organisation with fast pace such as WHM (Abbasi, 2017). The diverse department of WHM is in need of the decentralisation process which is to promote the decision making process among the various level of the department. Hence the discussed factors conclude that the Matrix organisational structure will be a better option in the restructuring the Whitlam Memorial Hospital. References Abbasi, B. (2017). Transformational leadership and change readiness and a moderating role of perceived bureaucratic structure: an empirical investigation.Problems And Perspectives In Management,15(1), 35-44. Chrusciel, D. (2006). The role of curriculum in organizational significant change planning.The Learning Organization,13(3), 215-229. Dischner, S. (2015). Organizational structure, organizational form, and counterproductive work behavior: A competitive test of the bureaucratic and post-bureaucratic views.Scandinavian Journal Of Management,31(4), 501-514. Duke, N. (2015). Clinical leadership and organisational governance in primary care.Primary Health Care,25(9), 34-39. Ferguson, D. (2005). Organisational Development in Healthcare Peck Edward Organisational Development in Healthcare publisher: Radcliffe No. of pages:320 Price: 35185775896X185775896X.Primary Health Care,15(10), 10-10. Huang, H., Li, M., Shi, J. (2017). Broker Firms' Organisational Structure Changes and the Impact on Analyst Recommendations.SSRN Electronic Journal,5(2), 10-11. Hughes, N. (2014). How Does Organisational Literacy Impact Access to Health Care for Homeless Individuals?.Health Care Analysis,25(1), 90-106. Zgrzywa-Ziemak, A. (2015). The Impact of Organisational Learning on Organisational Performance.Management And Business Administration. Central Europe,23(4), 98-112.

The Haiti Earthquake

Introduction An earthquake is occasioned by the tremor of tectonic plates on the surface of the earth. Materials on earth’s crust are dislocated by pushing forces from either side (Oliver, 2010). When the friction holding the surface rocks are overwhelmed by the forces, the plate of rocks are more likely to slip over each other leading to the onset of an earthquake.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Haiti Earthquake specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Depending on the intensity of the pushing and opposing forces, some quakes may not have gross impact since they are hardly felt. However, other tremors might be intensive leading to massive loss in life and property. This paper explores the earthquake devastation to Haiti which occurred on 12th January 2010 and how the international community responded in a bid to rescue and resettle victims of the disaster. Background The Haiti capital, Port-au-Princ e among other parts of the country was seriously devastated by the January earthquake. The quake recorded a magnitude of 7.0 in addition to aftershocks that caused further damages thereafter (Taft-Morales Margesson, 2010). Immediately after the main earthquake struck, it was impossible to relay any information since communication services were brought to a standstill owing to the destruction of communication infrastructure (Aronin, 2011). The preliminary reports obtained by rescuers revealed that several people were either trapped in collapsed buildings or were left homeless and stranded in open air, not to mention the unaccounted deaths and untold suffering of the victims. Although the initial estimates of those who tragically died in the quake have been continuously updated, the actual number may not be established due to uncertainty on the whereabouts of those who were deeply buried in the debris. A statement issued by the United Nations Secretary General indicated that approxim ately one third of the Haiti population may have been devastated by the earthquake (Ellingwood, 2010, August 1). Aftershocks are even more disastrous than the primary quakes since such tremors can significantly cause additional loss in life and property bearing in mind that the structures have already been weakened by the primary quake and are highly susceptible to further damages.Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the case of Haiti, fourteen aftershocks were experienced with a magnitude greater than five while thirty others with magnitude more than four (Taft-Morales Margesson, 2010). These aftershocks took place within a span of one day after the onset of the main earthquake. The aftershocks persisted for some weeks complicating the rescue effort. In the event that there are steep slopes and uneven land surfaces such as hills and valleys situated within the vi cinity of the epicenter, the likelihood of a major earthquake taking place is high while the aftershocks are easily triggered by the steep slopes due to landslides. As a result, both human life and structures located on the lower sides of the slopes are in greater danger. This was phenomenon of Haiti earthquake and as a result, it even became cumbersome for rescue efforts to be directed in rugged topography (Oliver, 2010). In addition, most of the personnel who were part and parcel of the recovery teams were lost in the disaster making it difficult to reach out for the victims. For instance, there were several reported cases of missing officials from the Haiti government, the aid personnel from the international community including rescue workers from United Nations. To worsen the situation, the basic infrastructure such as the main transportation routes and communication channels were brought down by the earthquake. The airport located at Port-au-Prince was damaged leading to a qua gmire in air traffic control. However, this challenge was immediately addressed by relocating the air traffic control authority to the United States. So far, an optional port facility has been established by the US troops since the major port was grossly damaged by the earthquake. Besides, the government officials had to serve in temporary conditions owing to the breakdown in structures and facilities (Taft-Morales Margesson, 2010). Haiti had been receiving humanitarian aid from the international community even before the January 2010 earthquake. As a consequence of this external assistance, the country had already made significant strides in developing its economy ranging from security, management of the macroeconomics, reforms in important organs of the government such as judiciary to transparency in the fiscal processes (Ellingwood, 2010, August 1).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Haiti Earthquake specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, the Haiti government had also improved the rate of employment and democratization process through increased voted registration. Nonetheless, the gains that had been made over the years were stagnated when the country had to focus on the disaster at the expense of development. Emergency Response plans Soon after the earthquake struck, President Peval acted fast and requested for external help from the international community. The top agenda for the country was to urgently embark on the search and rescue mission for those who had survived the calamity. Besides, an offshore medical unit was set up to cater for the humanitarian crisis that had affected the country. Another unit for generating electricity was also established as part of material requirements for the rescue efforts (Deckelbaum, 2010). Bearing in mind that communication system was brought down by the initial earthquake, the Haitian government appealed for equipment that could b e used by rescue officials to communicate and coordinate their functions well. Even as the Haitian ministries were coordinating and discharging their duties in makeshift offices, long term issues such as shelter needs for the homeless victims were being addressed. Survivors in the makeshift camps were served with both food and water by the agencies. Besides the Haitian government provide free movement of rescue officials, victims as well as materials so as to facilitate expedited rescue operations. More than 400, 000 quake victims had to be transferred from the capital (Ellingwood, 2010, August 1). For the small cities that were equally affected by the earthquake, the Haitian government dispatched some officials to assist with the coordination of rescue efforts besides delivering aid materials such as food, water and medical treatment. On the same note, the Haitian National Police worked hand in hand with the U.S security officers not only to maintain security, they also played the vital role of directing air traffic at the damaged Port-au-Prince airport.Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In order to assess the damages caused by the earthquake as well as the immediate and long term needs, both the USAID and the Peval Administration worked as a team. Further, the World Bank and the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery assisted in the process of assessing the damage caused by the earthquake (Aronin, 2011). Rescue operations The rescue operations were divided into multiple phases. There were those groups that were concerned with searching and rescuing quake victims from various sites of damage such as in collapsed buildings. The second phase entailed the process of treatment and survival of victims who were lucky to come out alive from the catastrophe. The third phase dealt with relocation and rehabilitation of victims who has been left homeless while the last phase focused on long term reconstruction of the country after the disaster. Notwithstanding the structured emergency repose plan, serious delays were reported in the transportation system. Further, the delay was mainly occasioned by inadequate transportation infrastructure which had been damaged by the earthquake. Moreover, there were bureaucratic challenges all the way making it difficult for smooth rescue operations to be undertaken (Ellingwood, 2010, August 1). Worse still, poor access to disaster stricken areas was an equal hurdle in the rescue process. The Haiti earthquake could have best been managed by critical timing as part of saving lives. However, communication breakdown led to slow response in coordination and assessment. Although the government of Haiti injected the right effort in its rescue plan, there was lack of appropriate response from other levels of the government. Besides, the efforts of the international community were poorly aligned leading a relatively longer period of response time than necessary. The United Nations managed to set up two vital teams to urgently respond to the earthquake. Firstly, the Disaster Management and Coordination (UNDAC) team was solely responsible for assessing the urgent areas of need that demanded immediate attention as well as coordinating the various rescue teams in reaching out for the survivors. The second team known as the U.N Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) played an overlapping role of coordination with the first team. Moreover, OCHA also engaged itself in other humanitarian affairs beyond just coordinating the rescue teams. In order to deliver its mandate well, OCHA worked very closely with the Haitian government such as in the process of seeking donor support where the government could not shoulder the burden in addition to coordinating military activities on the ground. Over and above, a Joint Operations Tasking Center (JOTC) was created by OCHA so as to seek ways and means through which the military and civilians would coordinate in rescue efforts. As part of the rescue effort by the international community, the United States government coordinated both capital an d human-based resources to assist in offering the much needed relief during and after the disaster. The US led agency, USAID was in the forefront in providing humanitarian help to the survivors. As President Obama noted, his government would entirely engage itself in the emergency response plan for the Haitians. Firstly, the military personnel were used in facilitating the logistics process such as distribution of food and water, searching for survivors as well as assisting the local Haitian military in offering security services. Although the United Nations came in handy to offer emergency help during the January 12th earthquake, it is vital to note that local communities should also be trained in disaster preparedness skills so that they are in a position to respond to emergencies at the initial stages before other external parties lend their hand. Furthermore, the establishment of seismic stations in Haiti to monitor earthquake related activities requires local talent to read, in terpret and communicate the results and thereafter providing early warning to policy makers should there be need (Aronin, 2011). Nonetheless, the United Nations remains the best body to coordinate response whenever there is an international catastrophe mainly because of two key reasons. Firstly, UN has adequate human and capital resources that can be used in the event of disasters compared to the affected nation. Hence, the organisation can coordinate the necessary response plan as well as offer humanitarian services than the host country due to resource allocation. Secondly, UN is an international organisation and not a single nation and therefore it represents a collective effort of member states and can hardly be paralyzed by an international disaster affecting a particular country. Better still, the organisation through its humanitarian organizations such as UNHCR is always prepared in the event of a disaster through its well trained staff unlike an individual country. There wer e several members of the international community who pledged to offer their assistance to the victims of Haiti earthquake. For instance, Canada promised to send immediately a sum of five million Canadian dollars to the government of Haiti. Additionally, transport planes and disaster management team were put ready for dispatch (Taft-Morales Margesson, 2010). Also, assistance came from the Irish telecommunications company Digicel. The company pledged another five million dollars to assist in repairing the broken telecommunication network. Further, the European Commission endorsed a total sum of 4.3 million dollars and even promised the possibility of releasing more funds. On the same note, the government of Spain also promised 3 million euro and equally sent some rescue officials with three transport planes in addition to relief equipment (Ellingwood, 2010, August 1). For Germany, 2.17 million dollars was donated in addition to a response team that was sent immediately. A donation of 2.9 million dollars was donated by the Netherlands and also pledged to dispatch a search and rescue group (Oliver, 2010). A total of 64 firefighters were sent by Britain besides a pack of search dogs and rescue equipment (Deckelbaum, 2010). Conclusions and recommendations It is unfortunate that governments and aid agencies often focus on how to respond to disasters instead of developing long term and sustainable solutions to the calamities, whether natural or artificial. It is imperative to set up preventive measure alongside instituting mitigation measure as part of preparing for disasters. To begin with, the Haiti government in collaboration with the international community should gather sufficient data on the prevalence level of fault lines in the country. Such data can be obtained from geological records or by conducting a fresh field work. Using geological knowledge, the probability of those fault lines breaking loose due to movement of tectonic plates should also be establish ed. This type of information may be used to produce a hazard map indicating areas prone to earthquakes. Port-au-Prince was the hardest hit by the earthquake. It is vital to sample soil types from this region. This can be used to evaluate the given soil type can amplify vibrations during earthquakes. As a result, buildings and other structures constructed in disaster prone areas such as in the capital can be modified to withstand any possible shaking say in the next fifty years or so. Moreover, seismic stations should be set up in the country to assist in monitoring earth movements in Haiti as possible indicators of earthquakes (Deckelbaum, 2010). Well established monitoring stations are needed to provide early warning signs so that civilians can be evacuated before calamity strikes. References Aronin, M. (2011). Earthquake in Haiti. New York: Beauport Publishing Company, Inc. Deckelbaum, D. (2010). â€Å"The Haiti earthquake: a personal perspective†. Canadian Medical Associat ion. Journal, 182(5), E241-242. Ellingwood, K. (2010, August 1). â€Å"The World; In Haiti tent camps, hope is faltering; A deepening despair hangs over displaced quake victims†. Los Angeles Times, p. A.3. Oliver, C. (2010). Catastrophic Disaster Planning and Response. Boca Raton: CRC Press. Taft-Morales, M. and Margesson, R. (2010). Haiti Earthquake: Crisis and Response. New York: Congressional Research Service. This research paper on The Haiti Earthquake was written and submitted by user Ashlynn Burke to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

From Prison to Praise †Theology Essay

From Prison to Praise – Theology Essay Free Online Research Papers From Prison to Praise Theology Essay It’s not popular to be a true follower of Jesus Christ. Throughout the centuries of church history, believers have been persecuted and imprisoned for their faith. Even today multitudes of Christians throughout the world are imprisoned for sharing their faith in Christ. Even in Canada preachers are being thrown in jail for preaching the Word of God and taking a stand for righteousness and morality. Perhaps you are not in a physical prison with iron bars and razor wire, but you know you are bound, chained, and imprisoned by a much crueler captor. Multitudes are locked up in a prison of fear, depression, despair, destructive habits, deception, and sin and death. â€Å"For the devil prowls about like a roaring lion seeking whom he may devour.† We are admonished to stand firm in the faith. No one is exempt from the enemy’s attack. (I Peter 5:8-9) But Jesus came to set captives free and bless them abundantly. (Isaiah 61:1; John 10:10) When the devil or circumstances and trials of life seek to imprison us, there is a way of escape. (I Corinthians 10:13) Paul and Silas are examples of how God will bring release from prison when we apply the principles of His Word. (Acts 16) Paul discovered that religion could not bring this release but a vital personal relationship with the living Christ, the Lord of Lords did indeed. (John 8:36) Paul and Silas were thrown in prison but God supernaturally set them free. Take note and put into practice the principles that brought them release from prison. First – PRAYER to Almighty God brings release. Even though Paul and Silas were severely beaten and thrown in prison, notice what they did. â€Å"Around midnight, Paul and Silas were praying and singing hymns to God and the other prisoners were listening to them† (Acts 16:25). In your midnight hour, pray to the God who hears and answers prayer. â€Å"Give all your worries and cares to God, for he cares about what happens to you† (I Peter 5:7). I believe Paul and Silas were also praying for their enemies. Jesus taught, â€Å"Love your enemies! Pray for those who persecute you!† (Matthew 5:44) When Job prayed for his accusers, God turned around his captivity. (Job 42:10) There is power in prayer. (James 5:13-16) Second – PRAISE to God brings God’s presence and power into your life. In the early 1970’s a military chaplain, Merlin Carothers, who became a pastor, wrote Prison to Praise. His premise was that praise and thanksgiving to God brings release from any prison of circumstances. Paul admonishes us to not only keep on praying, but to â€Å"Give thanks in all things for this is the will of God in Christ Jesus concerning you† (I Thessalonians 5:18). Paul and Silas were singing to the Lord at midnight. Anyone can sing and give thanks to God when things are going good. But Paul and Silas sang and praised God in their darkest hour. The Word of God calls this the sacrifice of praise. (Psalm 116:17) In your darkest night give thanksgiving and praise to God and find release. Notice that the other prisoners were listening to them. How you face life’s trials will be a great testimony to others. Third – The POWER and glory of God has brought deliverance to multitudes. In answer to their prayer and praise God sent a mighty earthquake. Paul and Silas’ chains fell off and the prison doors swung open. God delights in displaying His glory and power. Whenever God shows up there will be a mighty earthquake of His glory and power. The power of the gospel changes lives. The power of the Holy will shake your whole house and surroundings. The Lord can do in 10 minutes what we could not do in 10 years or a life time. If only we will trust and stand up for Him. Fourth – PARDON through God’s grace and mercy brought salvation to the jailor and his whole household! (Acts 16:29-33) The jailor fearing for his life, was about to commit suicide. Paul assured him that none of the prisoners had escaped. The jailor asked, â€Å"Sirs, what must I do to be saved?† The jailor was imprisoned by sin, hopelessness, and condemnation. They replied, â€Å"Believe on the Lord Jesus and you will be saved with your entire household† (Acts 16:31). Salvation through faith in Christ’s work on the cross will bring release and salvation. Pardon from sin through the blood of Jesus has brought redemption and freedom to countless multitudes. Believe and receive Him today. Fifth – Paul gave a PROMISE to the jailor that if he only believed; his whole household would be saved. If we would claim the many promises of God by faith, we would see miraculous release. (Hebrews 4) â€Å"For all the promises God in Him (Christ) are yea and amen† (II Corinthians 1:20). Sixth – PLUKINESS will bring release from fear and intimidation. When the city officials found out Paul was a Roman citizen, they pleaded with him to leave. Paul told them to come and release him themselves. Paul wasn’t being cocky but bold. We too often allow the enemy to intimidate us. Paul had pluck. What is pluck? â€Å"To take hold of something, having or showing determined courage in the face of difficulties.† Don’t be imprisoned by fear or intimidation. Have pluck. Know who you are in Christ. Apply the principles of God’s Word and be released from your prison. â€Å"He that the Son sets free, is free indeed† (John 8:36). Research Papers on From Prison to Praise - Theology EssayBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XQuebec and CanadaMind TravelCapital PunishmentComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoThe Spring and AutumnArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Bringing Democracy to AfricaHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionThe Masque of the Red Death Room meanings

Create a Perfect Study Environment Around Yourself 12 Tips

Create a Perfect Study Environment Around Yourself 12 Tips Create a Perfect Study Environment Around Yourself Student life is rather engaging and at times offers much fun. Being young and having lots of friends†¦ Is there anything else you need for happiness? A friendly student community and an exciting extracurricular environment may offer a high fun factor; however, many students experience difficulties when its time to get ready for exams or complete a major project. College and university studies require preparation to build up a well-rounded education. Self-motivation and the ability to organize your time and activities are to be considered first. Here are 12 tips to help students create a perfect studying environment! Choose a proper place for your studies Find a place which will suit your studies regarding all key factors: lightning, comfortable sitting and a table. Try to avoid using the same place for studying and napping (Cohn, 2013). The place where you study should help you concentrate, not fall asleep! Get equipped with everything you need Choosing a place and getting right to work is one thing, but its also essential to sort everything out around you, and make sure you have all the necessary tools and reference materials so there’s no need to search for things every single moment (Cohn, 2013). Keep your studying place clean Keep the place where you study tidy and clean it regularly. Wadded up papers and stained coffee cups are likely to bring disorder into your mind. A neatly ordered table and plenty of fresh air in your room can boost your mood and enhance your brain power! Reduce the number of distractions Stay away from noisy places. A few experts think that soft background music benefits your concentration and, at the same time, boosts your academic studies; but there is also evidence to suggest that hearing a familiar tune and humming along with it is more likely to distract you from your studies (Flavin, 2015). Use the library Go to the library and spend time studying there. Find and use books related to your topics. Being surrounded with a dozen books will give you a better insight into the subject matter of your studies, and the library itself will also serve as an inspiring environment for you. Include regular breaks into your studies Once you’ve organized your working environment and escaped all disturbances, you can immerse fully into your studies and let the whole world forget about you until the next holiday. No way! Dont forget about work/rest balance! Take regular breaks to recharge your batteries and get some inspiration (Cohn, 2013). Go out for a while and breathe some fresh air or have a snack. You’ll notice that these short pauses can make your studies more effective and stimulate your mental abilities! Leave your gadgets aside for a while Make a decision to avoid using your iPad and mobile phone while you study. You may think that you cant do without them a single minute, but in fact, its not true! Unplug your devices or turn the silent mode on. This will help you concentrate on the exam or project, instead of non-stop useless chatting. Moreover, being silent for some time will help you generate new ideas and get a better insight of the subject you’re dealing with (Flavin, 2015). Keep in mind your motivation Always remember the goals you want to achieve through studying (Cohn, 2013). Its important to understand why you need to get good education, so envision a major goal that you dream about and find something to represent this dream to yourself that you can hang on your wall or put on the cover of your notebook. Have a look at this image each time you start losing your enthusiasm. Remember, all your studying means something! Be persistent Dont get discouraged if some task seems rather challenging. Divide tough tasks into chunks to cope with them easily (Cohn, 2013). This way, if something seems too difficult today, it will get much easier tomorrow! Make the list of tasks for each day No matter how many issues you have to deal with, or how many pages you have to compose, its impossible to do everything in just one day (Cohn, 2013). Analyze the amount of work you have left to do and make a list of things to accomplish each day (e.g. to find the needed sources, to read\write 20 pages). At the end of the day, cross out all the items that you’ve completed. Using such approach will make your studies well-timed and better-organized, and you’ll avoid problems with due dates. Choosing time for studies – an early riser or a night owl? Studying both day and night before an exam or typing the day and night before handing in a term paper is pointless and exhausting. Choose a time when you are able to read a lot, analyze information, compose thesis, so that your scholarly work is the most effective (Flavin, 2015). It usually depends on your biological clock; so morning or evening hours for studies; you’re the one to choose. Make your studying environment suit you! Along with acquiring good knowledge and getting excellent academic results, its very important to enjoy your studies! Try to organize you study-place just the way you like it. Get a new comfortable chair for yourself, or put a nice plant on your table. To summarize everything above, let’s state simply that your study environment, if organized the right way, will boost your mood and raise your grades. 1. Flavin. 12 Tips to Create a Perfect Studying Environment for You. 18 May. 2015. http://rasmussen.edu/ 2. Cohn. 10 Tips to Create a Good Studying Environment. 22 Apr. 2013 http://examiner.com/

How has the concept of individual liberty changed throughout the Essay

How has the concept of individual liberty changed throughout the history of political thought Discuss and develop an argument based on the works of authors discussed throughout the course - Essay Example It also includes the state of indifference towards others’ political, social, economic, cultural, personal and religious activities. International politics, international law, state organisations, social justice, equality, liberty and social movements also come into the fold of liberalism. By critically examining the philosophies of all the great personalities, it becomes evident that all these personalities support individual liberty provided it is observed out of sound reasoning on the one hand, and is exercised with a good intention on the other. Individual liberty has always been the subject of great interest for the philosophers and political thinkers, and they strived for winning freedom of thought and action for all citizens on the foundation of equality and without any discrimination of caste, class, creed, community, race, region, religion, ethnicity and gender. Since thinkers and philosophers serve as the brain of a society, they do not accept inequalities and injustices committed by the rulers and powerful stratum of society on the suppressed masses. Consequently, they rebel against the man-made bonds and shackles and present the intellectual framework which offers a complete and just system to lead a happy and peaceful life. Since the foundations of their philosophy rests on human welfare, they awake the society from the sleep of ignorance and encourage them struggle to win their rights. Before the mighty French Revolution it were philosophers like Voltaire, Rousseau and others who awoke the sleeping nation and foug ht for the noble cause of equality and justice by their wonderful writings. The philosophical theme behind the literature of that time paved the way towards equal distribution of power, pelf, possession and prestige for all strata of French Society. Thus unjust measures enforced by the French laws came to an end. The philosophers belonging to ancient Greece played the most formidable role in respect of obtaining individual

Social Psychology - Prejudice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social Psychology - Prejudice - Essay Example Finally, this paper shall also suggest ways in order to remedy this issue or situation. Social psychologists have attempted to explain prejudice by using various theories. One of the main theories they have used is the theory of innate tendency. This theory basically explains that people are borne with the innate quality of gravitating or liking people who are like them and of disliking or hating other people who are not like him (Sharma & Sharma, 1997). Through the theory of self-love, social psychologists explain how people tend to love themselves. Therefore people are often disgusted by other people who are different from them (Sharma & Sharma, 1997). Social psychologists also point out that the ethnocentric theory is all about the belief that one’s group is moral, right, and rational – and that other cultures are inferior (Sociology Index, 2009). In judging other cultures or beliefs, these individuals tend to base their judgments on their standards – without attempting to understand the perspectives of their members. In yet another theory, the psycho-analytic theory â€Å"considers human experience to be root cause of prejudice† (Sharma & Sharma, 1997. The experiences which reflect favorable outcomes affect the person’s behavior in relation to similar future experiences. Unfavorable experiences also manifest and affect the overall behavior of a person in relation to similar future experiences (Sharma & Sharma, 1997). Prejudices in interracial experiences in Singapore affect the occurrence and prevalence of interracial marriages. This interracial prejudice has affected them to a point where marriages between ethnic lines has not happened often (Country Data, 1989). From 1954 to 1984, rates of marriages between ethnic divides occurred at 5 to 6 percent of all marriages (Country Data, 1989). In considering the innate tendency theory, the

Library System Essay Example for Free

Library System Essay In today’s rapid growth of industries, technology makes our lives much easier and does things with accuracy. Computer is perfect example of technology that was made a great impact in the society. After the effectiveness of the technology had recognized, it caught the attention of different industries. The technology had utilized to help students and faculty to perform much better on what they do. One possible function of this technology was library management system that could provide necessary book information in borrowing and returning books. This system allowed the management to enter in a new book record and retrieved the details of books available in the library. Issuing, returning of books, and maintaining records were some of the capabilities of this system. It recorded all the necessary information needed such as inventory, number of books borrowed and the available books left in the library. This system provided a concrete transaction regarding library resources to ensure the efficiency of the process. It can offer to its borrower through providing functions that help the management to organize all the data needed in executing in the transactions like returning and borrowing of books. It has an inventory records for books for the assurance of its availability. Statement of the Problems Managing a library was definitely a hard task and had needed a lot of time especially when all the transactions were recorded manually like in Library Hub Gapan Division. A borrower should fill up a slip when borrowing and returning books in the Library Hub. Librarian or assistant librarian recorded it on the log book. In this kind of process, the borrowers experienced difficulty in finding books because there were thousand books on the list. Through the systems search function, finding for a specific book became a simple task. It also needed more efforts for both staff and borrower to know if there were enough books to borrow. The library management system provided the number of existing books to ensure its availability. The staff found it hard to make reports and record all transactions because they needed to update every transaction manually. This was eliminated by using the system’s print functions that provided the printed reports in just a click. Objectives General Objective The general objective of this project is to create a Library Management System for Library Hub Gapan Division. Specific Objectives Library Management System should be able to: * provide book reference and its location through a search engine function for the library staff and borrowers; * provide computerized transaction such as borrowing and returning of books; and * print book records such as borrowed, unreturned, and masters list of books. Scope and Limitation This study developed a Library Management System for Library Hub Gapan Division in Gapan Nueva Ecija. This Library System automates the basic library functions to aid in the day-to-day operations of the library. It has different type of accounts like the Administrator and User account. The system has log history, backup, and restores function. It allowed the borrowing and returning of books, as well as printing the records of returned and borrowed books. It had a reset function for account password and could change log in information if necessary. The system provided the book status such as total number of replaced, repaired, and damaged books. The system had no transaction fee or fines for the overdue borrowers. The users could not create their own account. Only the administrator has the full control in the system most especially when updating all the records. In printing of reports, sorting of record is done monthly. It is not capable of printing records with different months at the same time. CHAPTER II BACKGROUND OF THE CAPSTONE PROJECT In exploration, we find new methods, new knowledge, even develop new substances, processes or procedures, imagination and skill was employed by the developer. Today, libraries face the challenge of remaining relevant to the users. The concept of a library staying in one fixed space was slowly evolving. Observation and interview are conducted to understand the Library Hub Gapan Division’s existing system which is a manual process. When users borrow books, the staffs check all the book records to find what users need and check the bins if there are enough books to borrow. Borrowers fill up the borrowers slip to borrow books and proceed to the librarian or assistant librarian to record the transaction and to issue the books. After using the books, borrowers return the books by filling up return slip and surrendering the books to the assistant librarian. Librarian or assistant librarian records it manually in the log book. On the last day of their office hour, they tally all the transactions for the week, manually. The staffs of the library encodes the records for making reports such as the book status, returned, borrowed and master list of books. To fully understand what a Library Management System is, a research for the existing system was done. This research was used as a basis in creating a Library Management System. Ken Chad says that Library automation helps not just the library staff but also makes it easier for library users to get information quickly. Tasks such as viewing the catalogue, putting books on reserve or renewing titles can now be quickly accomplished from a computer. This give an idea that a Library Management System could help the Library Hub to do their day to day transaction, so Library Management System is created to solved the problem of Library Hub Library Management System made by Rolan Alga for Saint Vincent High School was similar to the process of Library Hub. The system of Mr. Alga has book inventory which assures the availability and number of books and compute fines for the overdue books. This allows the user to search, borrow and return book by just entering the book information needed in a specific transaction. The system also allows Printing of reports, restoring and having data back up to secure the records of the library. Tthe only difference of Library Hub to St. Vincent High School is that they don’t have fee or fines for the overdue books; it serves as a pattern to create a Library Management System for Library Hub. This helped a lot to decide where to start and to the interface of the system. The general functions of this proposed library system are beneficial to every school that borrow books in the Hub. It means that the intended audience for this project is not only for individual borrower, but it is also for both library and to the schools who uses the system. This system has all the book transactions needed in the Library Hub. It offers computerized transactions like borrowing, returning books, printing of book reports. CHAPTER III TECHNICAL BACKGROUND Visual Basic is Graphical Rapid Application Development (RAD) tool that aims at providing the user with a graphical interface that was intuitive and easy to use. Visual Basic was a popular programming tool that can be used to write any kind of visual application ranging from a game to a database management application. It was a powerful drag and drop tool that can be used in developing project. Now-a-days Visual basic was being widely used for developing different types of applications because aside from being user-friendly, it has a wide range of support available. Using My Structured Query Language (MySQL) for the back end, with Visual Basic 6. 0 they were known to be a dynamic duo. MySQL was pronounced either My S-Q-L or My Sequel, was an open source relational database management system. MySQL offers secured data basing which make it popular to public. Aside from being secured, MySQL was open source software, user-friendly and also has a wide range of support available. The Operating System will serve as the most important software application that will be used. An operating system (sometimes abbreviated as OS) was the program that, after being initially loaded into the computer by a boot program, manages all the other programs in a computer. The application programs make use of the operating system by making requests for services through a defined Application Program Interface (API). In addition, users can interact directly with the operating system through a user interface such as a command language or a graphical user interface (GUI). Computers are needed to develop the project and the available computer that was being used has the specification of 2 gigabyte RAM, 320 gigabyte hard disk drive, Intel core duo for processor and other peripherals such as mouse. The operating system used in developing the project is Windows 7 Ultimate. The Library Management System of Library Hub Gapan Division used four (4) computers in implementing the project. To establish connection to these computers, the topology used to network the computers is star topology which uses hub to connect all those computers. Two (2) of these computers was used by the Administrator, one will be used by the Librarian and the other one was for the Assistant librarian who was in charged of updating and monitoring all the transactions in the library. The other two (2) computers were used by the borrower in searching the books they want and in filling on the computerized slip for borrowing and returning books. CHAPTER IV METHODOLOGY Locale of the Study The proposed Library Management System was for Library Hub Gapan Division located at Gapan, Nueva Ecija. The proposed Library System of Library Hub Gapan Division was beneficial to thirty-three (33) Elementary Schools and seven (7) High Schools with approximately 10,000 students. Organizational Chart LIBRARY HUB GAPAN DIVISION HIGH SCHOOL ELEMENTARY Figure 1. 0 School under Library Hub Gapan Division Library Hub Gapan Divison was a library facility under Department of Education that allows all the schools in Gapan to borrow all the resources of the books available in the library. The schools as shown in Figure 1. 0 were under the Library Hub which are composed of elementary schools and high schools in Gapan Nueva Ecija . Requirements Specification The interview and observation to the client are conducted to understand what are needed to be done in this project. The client was consulted regarding to the process and problems they encountered, what were the functions needed for the project to be very useful to them. The Library Hub is in need of a Library Management System to solve their problems which made their manual process to a computerized one. Based on the interview conducted, this Library Management System shall have the functions of borrowing, returning of books, adding of accounts and books, updating accounts and book records, printing of records, and search functions for finding books. Four (4) computers were used in the implementation of the system and these computers were networked using a hub. In developing the project, the developer started to build the system part by part. He used Visual Basic 6. 0 where designing of system interface and program coding takes place. The developer started to build the system with the log in form which was basically needed to access the system. After dealing with log in, creating the account panels was done that allow the administrator to add new accounts and update the existing records. The next function was book panel where adding and updating of book records are the main concern. Adding and updating of the main records were done, borrowing and returning of books were possible. The developer dealt with borrowed and returned books. The developer placed a confirmation request when borrowing books and this request needs to be confirmed by the administrator. After those functions, the developer started working on inventory which displays the masters list, borrowed and unreturned books. This inventory also displayed the availability of the books. Those records are printable so that making reports would be easier. After the main functions of the system were done, the developer focused on the minor functions such as; (1)search engine which make finding book easy over a list consisting of thousand books, (2)security/ pop-up message, (3)system interface and others. These functions were made especially for Library Hub Gapan Division to assist them in their day to day operation. Requirements Different methods are useful to understand what must be done and what to satisfy the client needs. One of these methods is requirements modelling which was subdivided into different five processes. INPUT -Conduct an interview to the target client. Gathers information that will be needed in the project Review the information and process of the manual library. PROCESS Analyze all the information gathers Transform all the information gathers in input stage OUTPUT The result of this project is the Library Management System for Library Hub Gapan Division PERFORMANCE -It can add book records and accounts for the borrower  -it supports three (3) different type of users -it support saving, updating and printing of library records -keep track all the records of the borrowers CONTROL -The system has a log-in form to provide security. -Creating new user account is done only by the Administrator -It has a two-user level access; the Administrator which is sub-divided into two the one is for librarian and the other one is for assistant librarian. The user (borrowers) is the second type of user level. Figure 2. 0 Requirements Model of Library Management System First is the INPUT wherein conducting an interview was done as a preliminary investigation of project to be. The developer found out that this library was in need of a library management system because of the different problems that the librarian encountered. The second was PROCESS. The developer decided to make a library management system for the client after conducting an interview. This library management system replaced paper and pens in recording data transaction because it computerized the process in which they used computers in making those transactions. Having the Library Management System resulted to an output which serves as the third process. As an OUTPUT, the schools were able to borrow, return and make inventory reports easier than performing it manually. They searched and chose books by just clicking and scrolling. The system also helped the librarian and other staff in recording all the transactions and making good inventory. The fourth method of requirements modelling is PERFORMANCE. In this method, the system can identify how the transaction of the library system has been done. It proved how the system can satisfy the needs of the clients. It keeps all the records of the borrowers of the book tracked. Transactions include borrowing and returning books. CONTROL is the last process wherein the librarian served as the Administrator of this project that holds the full access in the system. Assistant Librarian helped the Librarian to monitor and update the system. The school representative that borrowed books are entered all the necessary data in borrowing and returning books. LIBRARIAN/ ADMINISTRATOR 0. 0 Library Management System for Library Hub Gapan Division ASSISTANT LIBRARIAN SCHOOLS/ BORROWER Return book (s) Borrow book (s) Update accounts View all records Update book records View books information (Status location). View records Update book records book information  printed reports Transaction reports Inventory Print records Print reports Book Information Context diagram shows the system as a whole in its environment. This Library Management System has three external entities (Figure 2. 0). The first one is the Librarian that serves as the Administrator which has the full control in the system. The administrator can update all accounts and book records, borrow and return books, confirmed book request and print records. The Assistant Librarian has all the functions of the administrator except for updating accounts. Borrowers can only view, borrow and return books. LIBRARIAN/ ADMINISTRATOR 0. 0 Library Management System for Library Hub Gapan Division ASSISTANT LIBRARIAN SCHOOLS/ BORROWER Return book (s) Borrow book (s) Update accounts View all records Update book records View books information (Status location) View records Update book records book information printed reports Transaction reports Inventory Print records Print reports Book Information Figure 3. 0 Context Diagram of Library Management System for Library Hub Gapan Division Data Flow Diagram is a means of representing a system at any level. The Figure 3 shows the flow of data in the system. The Administrators can update accounts and book records directly in the system. Through the system, they can borrow and return books, generate computerized books reports as well as printing of book records was all possible. In return, the system provides book information, transaction records, inventory, and printed reports. The system also provides book records that used by the borrowers in searching, borrowing and returning books in the system. LIBRARIAN Account confirmation 1. 0 Log in accounts Tbl_ACCOUNTS DB Account Confirmation Input Log in information Log in Information account information 2. 0 Update Accounts Account information Account found List of account Updated Account information. Use account 3. 0 Adding books Book information Account information List of books Updated Book information Book information DB Tbl_ allbooks Book records 4. 0 View record List of books Book information Book records Use Book information Book record Book information 5. 0 Search books Searched Book information Search book record A Figure 4. 0 Data Flow Diagram (Librarian) DB A returned book records Return Books Print record 8. 0 Confirm request Returned Books information All book records Borrowed books Borrowed book records Return books 9. 0 Print Records 10. 0 Tbl_borrowbooks DB Book Request Printed records A. 6. 0 Borrow Books Book Record Borrowed books Confirm request Book request Book information 7. 0 Reserved Books LIBRARIAN Book information DB Tbl_ borrowedbooks Borrowed books Tbl_ allbooks Book information DB Figure 4. 1 Data Flow Diagram (Librarian) Figure 4. 0 and 4. 1 shows the flow of data using the account of the librarian, he/she needs to log in first to access the system which the log in information was retrieve from the database table accounts. When the Administrator log in to the system, it can create account for the borrowers and update these accounts that are saved from the same database table. After having account, adding of books and update record are can be done and saved in the database table allbooks . These records are can be viewed by all type of accounts which used in borrowing books. When they borrow books a request will send that needs to be confirmed by the administrator and this request can serves as a reservation request. If the request were finally confirmed by the admin it saves to the database table borrowedbooks. In returning books, the data in the table borrowedbooks is being retrieved for it to be returned and this was save into the database table returnedbooks with the date returned. For every borrowed books, this were automatically subtracted to the total number of books in the database and when the books was returned the number of books borrowed were added to the total number of books. The Administrator can print the records on database tables borrowed, returned and allbooks for the reports of the library. LIBRARIAN 2. 1 Add Accounts DB Tbl_ accounts Inputted account Information account record 2. 3 Update account Book record account Information Updated account record Old account record 2. 2 Check account Input account information Checked information Account status Account Information. Updated Account Information Figure 5. 0 Decomposing Diagram (Adding of Accounts -Librarian) The Decomposing Diagram of adding accounts (Figure 5. 0) shows the process on how the librarian will add or edit account information to the system. The Librarian will input the account information given by the borrowers and the system will check the entered information from the database table accounts if there was an existing record. Then if there was no record found it will be saved on the same database table. Librarian can update that account information on the database. LIBRARIAN 3. 1 Input book information. DB Tbl_ allbooks Inputted Book Information Book record 3. 3 Update book record Book record Book Information Updated Book record Old Book record 3. 2 Check book record Book information Updated book list Figure 6. 0 Decomposing Diagram (Adding of Books -Librarian) The Decomposing Diagram of adding books (Figure 6. 0) shows the process on how the librarian will add or edit book information to the system. The Librarian will input the book information on the book he/she want to borrow and the system will check the inputted information from the database table allbooks if there was an existing record. Then if there was no record found it will be saved on the same database table. Librarian can update that book records on the database. Book information LIBRARIAN 6. 1 Input book information DB Tbl_ allbooks Inputted account Information Account record Account Information Check book record 6. 2 Borrowed book information 6. 3 DB Tbl_ borrowbooks Submit Borrowing Borrowed book request Request Figure 7. 0 Decomposing Diagram (Borrowing Books -Librarian) The diagram above (Figure 7. 0) shows the process on how the Librarian can borrow books using the system. The Librarian input the book information will be borrowed then the system checks the records in the allbooks if there are available books to borrow and if there are enough books, the entered information serves as a request and this will be saved on database table borrowbooks which need to be confirmed. DB Tbl_ borrowbooks Borrowed Book record 7. 1 Select borrowed books Book information Book record LIBRARIAN Selected borrowed books information 7. 2 Confirmed Request list Approve Request Approved Book request DB Tbl_ borrowedbooks Check book record Figure 8. 0. Decomposing Diagram (Confirm Book Request(Librarian). The diagram (Figure 8. 0) shows the process on how the Librarian will confirm the book request of the borrowers. The Librarian will select a book request of send by the borrower and then click the confirm button. The confirmed request will be saved on the database table borrowedbooks which need to be confirmed. Borrowed Book record Borrowed book information 8. 1 Select Borrowed book DB Tbl_ borrowbooks Borrowed Book information LIBRARIAN Returned Book Information Borrowed Book information DB Tbl_ returnedbooks 8. 2 Complete Return slip Returned Book information Borrowed Book information DB Tbl_ allbooks Figure 9. 0 Decomposing Diagram (Return Book -Librarian) The diagram (Figure 9. 0) shows the process on how to return book. The Librarian will select a book record and then click the return button to complete the information needed in returning books. This will be saved on the database table returnedbooks and the numbered of books borrowed is added available books on the table allbooks as part of the inventory. Book information List of books Updated List of books New Book information Book information Searched Book information Book information Log in Information Input Log in information Account Confirmation Account confirmation Book  information Old Book information Book record Book records Updated Book record Book information Updated Book record Book records Book records ASSISSTANT LIBRARIAN. 1. 0 Log in Account Tbl_ACCOUNTS DB DB Tbl_ allbooks 2. 0 Add books 3. 0 Update Information 4. 0 View record 5. 0 Search books A Figure 10. 0 Data flow Diagram (Assistant Librarian) DBTbl_allbooks A returned book records Return Books Print record 8. 0 Confirm request Returned Books information All book records records Borrowed books Borrowed book records Return books 9. 0 Print Records 10. 0 Book Request Printed records A 6. 0 Borrow Books Book Record Borrowed books Confirm request Book Request Book information 7. 0 Reserved Books ASSISSTANT LIBRARIAN Book information Input book information Borrowed books DB Tbl_ borrowedbooks Tbl_borrowbooks DB Figure 10. 1 Data flow Diagram (Assistant Librarian) Assistant librarian’s account was somewhat like the account of head librarian he/she must log in first to access all the functions of the system. When the Assistant Librarian was successfully log in to the system it can add new book record which save on the database table allbooks. From this table, the book information was being retrieved for updates and it will be saved on the same database table. This account can borrow books and confirmed book request. After the borrowing books and the request was confirmed, it can return the books which will be saved on the database table returnedbooks. The records in the table returnedbooks is retrieve to view the summary of books returned. It can print records such as borrowed, unretuened and master list of books which will retrived records on different database table. This account is not capable of updating account records and reset borrowers password, as well as the viewing the log history of the system as shown in Figure 10. 0 and 10. 1. LIBRARIAN/ASSISTANT LIBRARIAN. 5. 0 Return books Borrowed books Tbl_borrowedbooks DB Returned books Request confirmed Borrowed book books Tbl_returnedbooks DB 2. 0 View available books BORROWER Account found Log in Information Input Log in information Account Confirmation Account confirmation 1. 0 Log in account Tbl_ACCOUNTS DB 3. 0 Search books 4. 0 Borrow books Book information books Book records Request book Tbl_allbooks DB Book information 5 Confirmed request Request information Figure 11 Data flow Diagram (Borrower) The account of User can search, borrow and return books which were the basic transaction in the Library Hub. This type of account was capable of viewing all the available books in the Library. User account can search for a specific book to locate, view its availability and information. In borrowing books, the user will fill up the computerized borrower slip and wait for the administrator’s confirmation to validate the borrower’s request. Network Topology A network topology describes the arrangement of systems on a computer network. It defines how the computers, or nodes, within the network are arranged and connected to each other. Figure 12. 0 Network Topology for Library Management System The topology used in the implementation of the project was star topology which fit to the situation because this topology was a server based network. The system needed a server and client computers to be more effective. To establish connection between the computers, hub was used. The server was placed on the table of Head Librarian and Assistant Librarian. When the client preferred to use one server for the librarian or the administrator, one computer for the assistant librarian and two computers for the libraries client, star topology is used to establish connection to the computers will be used. Programming Environment Front End Microsoft Visual Basic 6. 0 serves as the front-end in developing this project. This is the marginal tool that used to create this Library Management System. Visual Basic (VB) is a programming environment which was called the drag and drop tool because it contains built in tools like the buttons. The proponent decided to use this drag-and-drop buttons on the window directly to the form to design its interface and code the data structures of the proposed system because Visual basic is user-friendly and has a wide support in both text books and in the web. The front end serves as a tool for creating the different forms and interface of the Library Management System. Back End MySQL serves as the back-end in developing this project. This serves as the data storage of all the information needed to be recorded in the database. MySQL is very fast reliable and flexible Database Management System. MySQL serve as data or record storage of all the transaction of the Library Management System. For every transactions made in the system, data will be saved on the different database table. This database table is where all of the information is stored and retrieved in its operation. To make those database tables, the proponent used WAMP server which has PHPMyAdmin that allows creating and managing the database. It uses a web browser to access it features and manipulate records. Testing In the development of every project, the developer must not commit any shortcomings, problems and/or mistakes. One of the best ways to avoid problems was through conducting a system testing where in it assesses the system. This helped the project to improve and meet its objective. The twenty (20) individual was asked to test the project through an evaluation instrument provided. The developer tested the whole system if bugs exist. If bugs are present, the developer fixed it and makes another test until there’s no trace of errors. After the developer test the system, he asked at least seven (7) IT students to test the system because they have knowledge in this field, at least seven (7) individuals which has a course outside or not related to information technology to ensure its simplicity and understandability. One (1) Head Librarian, one (1) Department of Education official in Gapan and two (2) Assistant Librarian because they were the one who used the system and to get suggestions to improve system functionalities. The evaluation instrument was used to determine what to change and what to add on the system. Lastly, two (2) member of IEAT faculty assessed the whole system and determined the system’s performance. The Head Librarian from the Library Hub, Department of Education official and the proponent from IEAT faculty used the administrator account to evaluate the system; the assistant librarian used the intended account for them which will be the Administrator 2. And the other respondent used the user/borrower account. In short, twenty (20) respondents are asked to test and assess the system. Evaluation instrument guided/helped the proponent to test the whole system. This helped a lot to evaluate the system for Library Hub. This was trial and error basis, when the respondent find errors/bugs on every question, it must fixed the errors first. The developer: 1. Set evaluation instrument and set the units used in the system evaluation and testing. The developer networked the units used. 2. Discussed first all the function of the system and all the information needed to use the system. 3. Actual demonstration on how to use the system by using its every single function. 4. Assist the respondent when they test and evaluate the system. 5. Asked every respondent for their suggestions to make the system perform it full potential. 6. Analysed every suggestions comment and then apply the one that will make the system better. After the system had been assess through the provided evaluation instruments, answers and suggestions have been summarized. Those useful comments and suggestions were applied. Through this evaluation the system performed its function to its full potential. After these changes, the developer ensured that the changes made are seen by the respondent to check if it is correct and satisfy them. Through the use of Evaluation Instrument to test and assess the system, data are collected data were analysed to interpret the result of the system evaluation. The evaluation of the system used three (3) sets of evaluation questionnaires that use the different account level which were the account of Head Librarian, Assistant Librarian and Borrowers that had been summarized to use in analysing the results.

El Nino Essay -- essays research papers

El Nino Typically, the level of ocean water around the world is higher in the western Pacific and lower in the eastern, near the Western coast of South and North America. This is due primarily to the presence of easterly winds in the Pacific, which drag the surface water westward and raise the thermocline relatively all the way up to the surface in the east and dampen it in the west. During El Nino conditions, however, the easterlies move east, reducing the continuing interaction between wind and sea, allowing the thermocline to become nearly flat and to plunge several feet below the surface of the water, allowing the water to grow warm and expand. With the help of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's weather satellites, tracking shifting patterns of sea-surface temperatures can be made easier. Normally, a "pool" of warm water in the western Pacific waters exists. Under El Nino conditions, this "pool" drifts southeast towards the coast of South America. This is because, in a normal year, there is upwelling on the western South American coastline, and cold waters of the Pacific rise and push westward. However, during an El Nino year, upwelling is suppressed and as a result, the thermocline is lower than normal. Finally, thermocline rises in the west, making upwelling easier and water colder. Air pressures at sea level in the South Pacific seesaw back and forth between two distinct patterns. In the high index phase, also called "Southern Oscillation", pressure is higher near and to the east of Tahiti than farther to the west near Darwin. The east-west pressure difference along the equator causes the surface air to flow westward. When the atmosphere switches into the low index phase, barometers rise in the west and fall in the east, signaling a reduction, or even a reversal the pressure difference between Darwin and Tahiti. The flattening of the seesaw causes the easterly surface winds to weaken and retreat eastward. The "low index" phase is usually accompanied by El Nino conditions. The easterly winds along the equator and the southeasternly winds that blow along the Peru and Ecuador coasts both tend to drag the surface water along with them. The Earth's rotation then deflects the resulting surface currents toward the right (northward) in the... ...rface water. In the presence of sunlight, phytoplankton can produce chlorophyll, a tiny green plant substance. In turn, this substance feeds zooplankton, which in turn feeds higher members of the food chain. During El Nino conditions, the water level rises in the east and lowers in the west, forcing many changes to happen among the plant and animal life. Sea birds in the east must leave their nests, abandoning their young and searching for food which is not there, because the critical upwelling which causes the plankton and other lower members of the food chain to be produced is not there. Water temperature is above normal, and tropical fish are displaced poleward or migrate, along with the anchovy and sardines. On land, the effects produced a great amount of rainfall, making the desert lands into a grassland with lush vegetation and abundant life. Grasshoppers come, fueling toad and bird populations, and the increase in rainfall produces lakes which fish come to inhabit, fish that had migrated upstream during floods produced by the rain and become somehow trapped. In some flooded coastal cities, shrimp production set records. So too did the number of mosquito-borne malaria cases.

Baobab

1. Description 2. Background Information a. Common Names African Baobab, Baobab, Monkey Bread Tree, Upside Down Tree, Cream of Tartar Tree b. Scientific Name Adansonia digitata L. c. Family Name Bombacaceae 3. Species a. Adansonia digitata L. b. Adansonia Grandidieri c. Adansonia Gregorii d. Adansonia Madagascarcariensis e. Adansonia Perrieri f. Adansonia rubrostipa g. Adansonia suarezensis h. Adansonia za 4. Geographical Distribution/Distribution Range a. Located in Semiarid regions of tropical Africa, including countries south of the Sahara except Liberia, Uganda, Djibouti, Burundi and Central African Republic. . Found in coastal areas of eastern and western Africa c. In East Africa – found in the lowlands 5. Conservation Status 6. Importance and Use a. Leaves b. Fruit c. Food Uses d. Seeds 7. Environmental Characteristics 8. Morphological Traits and Variation a. Characteristics b. Traits c. Genetic Variation 9. Threats 10. Socio-economic Value 11. Environmental Impact 12. E ffects on Indigenous People Adansonias reach heights of 5 to 30 m (16 to 98 ft) and have trunk diameters of 7 to 11 m (23 to 36 ft) †¢ Adansonia digitata L. African Baobab (western, northeastern, central & southern Africa, and in Oman and Yemen in the Arabian Peninsula, Asia) †¢ Adansonia grandidieri Baill. – Grandidier's Baobab (Madagascar) †¢ Adansonia gregorii F. Muell. (syn. A. gibbosa) – Boab or Australian Baobab (northwest Australia) †¢ Adansonia madagascariensis Baill. – Madagascar Baobab (Madagascar) †¢ Adansonia perrieri Capuron – Perrier's Baobab (North Madagascar) †¢ Adansonia rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony) – Fony Baobab (Madagascar) †¢ Adansonia suarezensis H. Perrier – Suarez Baobab (Diego Suarez, Madagascar) †¢ Adansonia za Baill. Za Baobab (Madagascar)[5] Distributional range: Native: †¢ AFRICA Northeast Tropical Africa: Chad; Ethiopia; Somalia; Sudan East Tropical Afri ca: Kenya; Tanzania West-Central Tropical Africa: Cameroon; Zaire West Tropical Africa: Benin; Burkina Faso; Cote D'Ivoire; Ghana; Guinea; Mali; Niger; Senegal; Sierra Leone; Togo South Tropical Africa: Angola; Malawi; Mozambique; Zambia; Zimbabwe Southern Africa: Botswana; Namibia; South Africa – Transvaal Western Indian Ocean: Madagascar Naturalized: †¢ widely naturalized in tropics Cultivated: †¢ AFRICA Africa †¢ ASIA-TROPICAL Indian Subcontinent: Bangladesh; India; Sri LankaMalesia: Indonesia – Java †¢ SOUTHERN AMERICA Caribbean: West Indies South America An Ecosystem Within a Tree The sculptured branches, with their hollows, dents and bloated stems, provide shelter and home for a great variety of animals. Galagos (bushbaby), squirrels, rodents, lizards, snakes and tree frogs, as well as spiders, scorpions and insects may live out their entire life in a single tree. Holes in the trunk provide ideal nesting sites for birds such as rollers, hornbi lls, parrots, kestrels and spinetails. Larger cavities are frequently occupied by families of Barn Owls or Ground Hornbills.Eagles, vultures and storks frequently build their large stick nests on the outer branches, and the colonial nests of Red-billed Buffalo-weavers are more often found in Baobabs than any other tree. Uses to Mankind For centuries, the baobab tree has played an important role in the economy and culture of Africa. Practically every part of the tree is useful and in Sudan they are so highly valued that individual trees may be privately owned! The wood itself is too fibrous for structural use but the bark is shredded into strands of fibre for use as rope, baskets, nets, snares and cloth.Tonics and cosmetics are derived from the roots, and spinach and soup from the large palmate leaves. The seeds may be ground into a coffee-substitute or eaten fresh and the white pulp is used as ‘cream of tartar' for baking. The hollow trunks of living trees have served as homes , storage barns, places of refuge or worship, and even as prisons or tombs. One tree at Katimo Mulilo in Namibia has suffered the rather ignominious fate of having been converted into a flush toilet, while one near Gravelotte in South Africa's Northern Province was once used as a bar where up to a dozen thirsty gold diggers would quench their thirst.The Future Because of its many uses and its ability to survive in semi-arid conditions, the Baobab survives in the face of man's expansion across the continent. Ironically, the tree is probably most at risk in wildlife reserves where confined populations of African Elephant may outstrip their resources and demolish and consume baobab trees in their struggle for survival. [pic] Baobabs are trees recognisable by their distinctive swollen stems. Occurring naturally in the dry areas of Magagascar, Africa and Australia, they store massive amounts of water in their stems to cope with seasonal droughts.The tree's fruits are large pods known as ‘monkey bread' or ‘cream of tartar fruit' and are rich in vitamin C. One baobab tree in South Africa, known as ‘Big Baobab', has a circumference of 47 metres and even a bar for 60 people inside the trunk. 1. The African tribes call the tree â€Å"the upside down tree†. When bare of leaves, the spreading branches of the Baobab look like roots sticking up into the air as if it had been planted upside-down. An African legend tells that the baobab was amongst the first trees to appear on Earth.When the palm tree, the flame tree and the fig tree appeared, the Baobab began to grumble that it wanted to be taller, to have brilliant flame coloured flowers, and bear tasty fruit too. The Gods grew angry at this incessant wailing and pulled up the tree by its roots, and replanted in upside down to keep it quiet! 2. The African baobab tree is also called the â€Å"tree of life† as it can store water during the drought season which is sometimes vital to the rural p opulation. Large baobab trees could contain more than 30,000 gallons of water, and to get to it, Kalahari bushmen use hollow pieces of grass like a straw to suck the water out. . The baobab is Africa's latest fair trade sensation. On the 15th July 2008 the European Union has officially approved the export of powdered baobab fruit to the United Kingdom as a healthy additive to cereal bars and smoothies. The baobab is said to have three times the vitamin C content of an orange, and as much calcium as a glass of milk. According to Britain's University of Southampton, the baobab is rich in vitamin B1, B2, and C, and calcium, plus it's bursting with antioxidants. 4. The citric and tartaric acids found in the pulp provide the base for cream of tartar, often used as a baking ingredient. . Because of their size, people have been storing supplies in old hollow trunks or have been living inside a Baobab Tree. Have a look at a website called â€Å"bigbaob† for some amazing videos. 6. Na tural medicine uses the bark of the Baobab to lower fevers, chewing a leave is apparently waking you up and ingesting some of the tartar powder is helping with stomach aches. 7. In rural Africa the bark is used to make ropes and even clothing. Article Source: http://EzineArticles. com/4214639 Why the Baobab is endangeredSevere droughts of recent years have affected the thorn woodlands of the savannahs and fears have been expressed about the regeneration of plant species. In Sudan the over-use of multipurpose fruit trees, such as the Baobab, has become a significant problem. There is high year-round demand for fruits, even in cities like Khartoum. With fruit being collected from wild stands of trees, stocks are decreasing and no provision is made for replacing these trees – no plantations have ever been seen in Sudan. In cities seeds are just thrown away as garbage, eliminating any chance of regeneration.There is often a lack of awareness by the local people on the need to pla nt, protect and manage under-utilized fruit species. It is believed that in the past the Baobab fruits were widely eaten by large animals, especially elephants. They dispersed seeds and broke the seed dormancy which encouraged regeneration. With elephants now in danger of extinction because of habitat destruction and illegal killing, the natural regeneration of Baobab has been badly affected. Practical Action realized the importance of organizing a campaign to save the endangered species of this region, especially the Baobab tree.What’s the cause? The Baobab tree is on the endangered list for many reasons. For one, droughts within the tree’s habitat have caused them to not have enough water to grow properly. Also, these trees are often cut down so that people can use the trunks to store water in, which can hold about 2376 gallons of water. The fruit is also used for making porridge as well as the leaves, which can be used to make a salad. Some of these seeds are even e aten by elephants, but the elephants would be able to break the seed dormancy which will cause regeneration; however, the population of the elephant is also endangered.Because of all of this, many Baobab trees are used for multiple purposes which then cause the trees population to decline because no one is taking the time to replace the trees that were used. To help regenerate the Baobab Tree, a group known as Practical Action has come about, which aims to save this species of tree before it’s too late. They collect and plant seeds, raise awareness, and encourage others to plant Baobab trees as well. Read more: http://www. toptenz. net/top-10-endangered-trees. php#ixzz2Bkpm44sJ Read more at http://www. toptenz. net/top-10-endangered-trees. php#8rIWSqRUArdUEQt3. 99The food industry is always looking to launch the next big thing Providing these exotic products for Western palates can be both good and bad for the environment. There is the obvious concern of carbon and transporti ng these products over long distances. However, these new markets allow local farmers and suppliers to enjoy newfound wealth. Deforestation, fair trade, and sustainability are other issues. However, the demand for some fruit trees can result in reforestation and afforestation projects. Baobabs,  Adansonia sp. , consist of eight species, which are naturally found on the continents of Africa and Australia.Six species are native to Madagascar, so Madagascar has the highest endemism. Mainland Africa and Australia both have one species. The entire genus is spectacular. The first image below shows the giant  Adansonia grandidieri, which is endemic to Madagascar. This titan-sized tree is considered endangered. Baobabs are trees recognisable by their distinctive swollen stems. Occurring naturally in the dry areas of Magagascar, Africa and Australia, they store massive amounts of water in their stems to cope with seasonal droughts. The tree's fruits are large pods known as ‘monkey bread' or ‘cream of tartar fruit' and are rich in vitamin C.One baobab tree in South Africa, known as ‘Big Baobab', has a circumference of 47 metres and even a bar for 60 people inside the trunk. Adansonia is a genus of eight species of tree, six native to Madagascar, one native to mainland Africa and the Arabian Peninsula and one to Australia. The mainland African species also occurs on Madagascar, but it is not a native of that island. A typical common name is baobab. Other common names include boab, boaboa, tabaldi, bottle tree, upside-down tree, and monkey bread tree. The generic name honours Michel Adanson, the French naturalist and explorer who described A. igitata. Baobabs (Adansonia spp. ) are iconic trees, known for their immense size, strange forms, sources of food Baobab trees are iconic plants and represent some of the most recognisable trees in the world. The eight species of baobabs reside in the single genus, Adansonia. Madagascar is their centre of divers ity, with six species endemic to the island. These include A. grandidieri, A. madagascariensis, A. perrieri, A. rubrostipa, A. suarezensis and A. za (Baum 1995, Wickens & Lowe 2008) The baobabs are trees of considerable importance in local economies